تحلیل حقوقی جنایت ناپدیدسازی اجباری اشخاص در حقوق بین‌الملل، به‌عنوان ناقض ماده 6 اعلامیه جهانی حقوق بشر

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار دانشگاه الزهراء(س)

چکیده

ناپدیدسازی اجباری یا غیر‌ارادی اشخاص، اقدامی منحصربه‌فرد و مرکب است. طی این عمل، مجنی‌علیه ربوده می‏شود، به‌طور غیر‌قانونی بازداشت شده و اغلب در حین بازجویی، شکنجه یا کشته، و جسد او پنهان می­شود. این عمل به طرز قابل‌توجهی ناقض حقوق بشری مجنی­علیه است. یکی از این حقوق بشری که با ارتکاب ناپدیدسازی اجباری به‌شدت نقض می­شود، «حق فرد به شناسایی در برابر قانون»، موضوع ماده 6 اعلامیه جهانی حقوق بشر است. ناپدیدسازی اجباری، که در اسناد بین­المللی به‌عنوان «جنایت علیه بشریت» شناسایی شده، یکی از جدی‌ترین اشکالِ قراردادن فرد در خارج از حمایت قانون است و حق فرد بر شناسایی شخصیت حقوقی را نقض می‌کند. به عبارتی این عمل، افراد را در وضعیت نامعلومی قرار می­دهد که امکان دستیابی به حداقل حقوق بشری خویش را ندارند و ازاین‌رو به‌عنوان شخص در برابر قانون شناسایی نمی­شوند. مضافاً اینکه در پی ارتکاب این جنایت، قربانیان از حقوق قانونی­ای که حق بر شناسایی شخصیت حقوقی برای افراد به ارمغان می­آورد­، محروم می­شوند.بر این اساس، نوشتار پیش ­رو قصد دارد با ارائه تحقیقی توصیفی تحلیلی، ضمن بیان چیستی جنایت ناپدیدسازی اجباری اشخاص، با توجه به اسناد و رویه‏های بین‌المللی تحلیل کند که چگونه این جنایت، ماده 6 اعلامیه جهانی حقوق بشر را نقض می­کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Legal Analysis of the Crime of Enforced Disappearance of Persons in International Law as a Violation of Article 6 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

نویسنده [English]

  • Maryam Ahmadinejad
Assistant Professor, University of Alzahra
چکیده [English]

Enforced or involuntary disappearances ofpersons is a unique and consolidated act, during which, the victim is abducted, illegally detained and often tortured during interrogation, killed, and the body concealed. This action violates the victims’ human rights considerably. The “individual's right to recognition before the law” under Article 6 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is one of these rights that is seriously violated by committing this act. Forced disappearance is recognized in international instruments as a “crime against humanity”. This is one of the most serious forms of placing a person outside the protection of law and this practice violates the individual's right to the recognition of legal personality. In other words, this action put individuals in an uncertain situation in which they don’t have access to their minimum human rights. Hence, they are not recognized as a person before the law and they are deprived of legal rights derived from the recognition of the legal personality. Accordingly, this paper aims to provide an analytic descriptive study in order to express the nature of the crime of forced disappearance of persons, and based on international documents and practices, the reasons why this crime is regarded as a violation of Article 6 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights will be analyzed.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Enforced Disappearances of Persons
  • Article 6 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
  • International Law
  • human rights
  • individual
  • منابع:

    الف) فارسی

    ـ کتاب

    • والاس، ربکا؛ حقوق بین‌الملل، ترجمه و تحقیق: سید‌قاسم زمانی و مهناز بهرام‌لو، شهر دانش، چاپ سوم، 1390.

     

    ـ مقاله

    • بیگ‌زاده، ابراهیم؛ «بررسی جنایت نسل‌کشی و جنایات بر ضد بشریت در اساسنامه دیوان کیفری بین‌المللی»، مجله تحقیقات حقوقی، شماره 21 و 22، زمستان 1376 تا تابستان 1377.
    • ·      زمانی، سید‌قاسم؛«استقرار دیوان کیفری بین‌المللی، بیم‌ها و امیدها»، پژوهش‌های حقوقی، شماره 2، 1381.
    • ·      قربان‌نیا، ناصر؛«ماهیت عام تعهد به رعایت حقوق بشر و مسئله شرط»، حقوق اسلامی، سال ششم، شماره 21، تابستان 1388.
    • ·      کاظمی، سید‌علی؛ «بررسی مفهوم ناپدیدی اجباری افراد»، فصلنامه پلیس بین‌الملل، سال اول،شماره 2، تابستان 1389.
    • ·      میر‌محمد‌صادقی، حسین؛«لزوم رعایت حقوق بنیادین بشر به‏عنوان آمره بین‌المللی»، دیدگاه‌های حقوق قضایی، شماره 34 و 35، بهار و تابستان 1384.

     

    ب) انگلیسی

    - Books

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    • Tinta, Mónica Feria, The Landmark Rulings of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on the Rights of the Child: Protecting the Most Vulnerable at the Edge, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Netherlands, 2008.

     

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    • Giorgou, Irena, “State Involvement in the Perpetration of Enforced Disappearance and the Rome Statute”, Journal of International Criminal Justice11, Oxford University Press, 2013.
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    - Awards and Other Instruments

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    • ·      Case of Jose Adrian Rochac Hernandez v. El Salvador,Case 731-03,Report No. 90/06, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.127 Doc. 4 rev. 1 (2007).
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