مشروعیت مجازات سلب تابعیت از منظر حقوق بین‌الملل با واکاوی اقدام دولت بحرین

نوع مقاله : علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار دانشکده روابط بین الملل وزارت امور خارجه

2 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین الملل دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد تهران شمال

چکیده

حق بر تابعیت، یکی از حق‌های بنیادین و اساسی بشری محسوب شده و از آن به‌عنوان «حق بر داشتن حقوق» تعبیر می‌شود. امروزه این موضوع که هر کشوری بر اساس قوانین داخلی خود، شرایط کسب و سلب تابعیت خود را تعیین می‌کند، اصل پذیرفته‌شدة بین‌المللی شده است. با اوج‌گیری حملات تروریستی در سال‌های اخیر و متعاقب آن، تصویب قوانین سلب تابعیت با هدف مجازات چنین اعمالی ازجمله در فرانسه و همچنین اقدام دولت بحرین در سلب تابعیت مخالفین سیاسی آن کشور، مقاله حاضر به دنبال پاسخ به این سؤال است که آیا مجازات سلب تابعیت از منظر حقوق بین‌الملل مشروعیت دارد؟ سلب تابعیت درصورتی‌که با رعایت سه قاعده عرفی بین‌المللی منع خودسرانه‌بودن، منع تبعیض و اجتناب از بی‌تابعیتی همراه باشد، مشروع، و در صورت مغایرت با این قواعد، نامشروع خواهد بود. اقدام دولت بحرین نیز با توجه به خودسرانه و تبعیض‌آمیزبودن، نامشروع است. رویه دولت‌ها مبنی بر عدم تمایل به سلب تابعیت به‌عنوان مجازات، در حال تغییر است.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Legitimacy of Deprivation of Nationality as a Punishment from the Perspective of International Law by Analyzing the Government of Bahrain’s Action

نویسندگان [English]

  • Reza Mousazadeh 1
  • Hamed Golijani Moghaddam 2
1 Associate Professor in International Law, Faculty of International Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2 Corresponding Author, Ph.D. student in International Law, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch
چکیده [English]

The right to nationality is the basic and fundamental human rights and it may be interpreted as the right to have rights. Nowadays, the fact that each State determines the conditions of acquisition or loss of its nationality according to its own laws has become an internationally accepted principle. With the increase in terrorist attacks in recent years and the subsequent legislation on the laws of deprivation of nationality aimed at punishing such actions, including in France, as well as the government of Bahrain’s actions in deprivation of the nationality of its political opponents, the present article seeks to answer the question of whether the ban on deprivation of nationality is legitimate under international law? Deprivation of nationality is legitimate if it abides by the three rules of customary international law including the prohibition of arbitrary deprivation of nationality, non-discrimination and avoidance of statelessness and in case of violation of these rules would be illegitimate. Bahrain's government action is illegitimate due to its arbitrary and discriminatory nature. States practice for unwillingness toward the deprivation of nationality as a punishment is changing.
 
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Keywords: International Law
  • Deprivation of Nationality
  • human rights
  • Statelessness
  • The Prohibition of Arbitrary Deprivation of Nationality
  • الف. فارسی

    • ارفع‌نیا، بهشید؛ حقوق بین‌الملل خصوصی، تابعیت اقامتگاه و وضع بیگانگان، جلد اول، چاپ سوم، بهتاب،1382.
    • آل‌­کجباف، حسین؛ تابعیت در ایران و سایر کشورها، چاپ دوم، جنگل،1393.
    • سلجوقی، محمود؛ بایسته‌های حقوق بین‌الملل خصوصی، چاپ چهارم، میزان، 1385.
    • نصیری، محمد؛ حقوق بین‌الملل خصوصی، چاپ دوم، آگاه،1376.

    ب. انگلیسی

    - Books:

    • Brownline, Ian, Principle of Public International Law, Oxford University Press, 2003.
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    - Articles:

    • Aiena, Caterina, “Stripping of Nationality as a Weapon of Political Suppression: The Cases of Bahrain, United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait”, First Published in Great Britain by Islamic Human Rights Commission, P.O. Box 598, Wembley, HA9 7XH, October 2014.
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    - Documents:

    • American Convention on Human Rights, 1969.
    • Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 2006.
    • Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 1954.
    • Convention on the Reduction of the Statelessness, 1961.
    • Convention on the Nationality of the Married Women, 1957.
    • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination, 1965.
    • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1979.
    • Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989.
    • Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws, Signed at the Hague, on 12 April 1930.
    • Declaration of the Rights of the Child 1959.
    • European Convention on Nationality, November 1997.
    • International Convention Civil and Political Rights, 1966.
    • International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, 1990.
    • Report of the Secretary-General on Human Rights and Arbitrary Deprivation of Nationality-A/HRC/10/34.
    • Report of the Secretary-General on Human Rights and Arbitrary Deprivation of Nationality-A/HRC/13/34.
    • Report of Secretary-General on Human Rights and Arbitrary Deprivation of Nationality-A/HRC/19/43.
    • Report on Discrimination against Women on Nationality-Related Matters, Including the Impact on Children-HRC/23/23.
    • Report of the Secretary-General on Human Rights and Arbitrary Deprivation of Nationality-A/HRC/25/28.
    • Revised Arab Charter on Human Rights, 2004.
    • The Commonwealth of Independent States Conventions on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1995.
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    • Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.